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Minnesota requires that you must hold a driver’s permit before moving on to a license, regardless of your age; to qualify for a driver’s permit, you’ll need to pass a written knowledge test. The 40 multiple-choice question written test is based on the 2021 Minnesota Driver’s Manual with questions on road signs, safe driving techniques and laws, and much more, and you’ll need to correctly answer a minimum of 32 questions to pass. You may apply for your permit once you’re 15 years old. You’ll need to pass the written exam, take a vision test, have parental consent, complete required classroom instruction, and be enrolled in a behind-the-wheel instruction course. Once you are 16 or older and you’ve completed at least six months with your permit, or three months if you’re over 18, you may apply for a provisional license. Your written test will cost $12 and includes two attempts; after that, it will be an additional $10 per retesting. Make sure you’re able to pass on your first attempt by using this Minnesota DVS practice test.

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The Vickers MBT Mk. 4 later known as the Vickers Valiant was a main battle tank developed as a private venture by British company Vickers for export. Its development began in 1976 and ended in January 1984. Although the Valiant did not enter production, its development provided valuable experience in the production of an aluminium-hulled, Chobham-armoured tank in the 40 tonnes weight range. A further development of its turret was later used for the Vickers Mk. 7 MBT.

History[edit]

In August 1977, Vickers produced a design for a vehicle that incorporated Chobham composite armour protection within a battle weight of 43 tonnes. This first prototype, designated the Vickers Main Battle Tank Mark 4, mounted the L7 105 mm rifled gun and, in 1978, underwent automotive tests with the Rolls-Royce CV12 TCA developing 1000 bhp and with the General MotorsDetroit Diesel 12V-71T developing 915 bhp.

The prototype of the Mk. 4 was firstly exhibited at the British Army Equipment Exhibition in June 1980, along with a mock-up of a new universal turret fitted with a 120 mm L11 gun.By the time of the British Army Equipment Exhibition in June 1982, the tank had undergone extensive testing with the new turret. The design of the Universal Turret was a radical change from the original and included installation of many state-of-the-art components. This quantum leap in turret evolution led to a decision to give the Mk. 4 a new identity, and it was renamed the ' Valiant '.^[3]

In early 1983, the Valiant was tested in Middle East, in July and August of the same year, it was involved in desert trials in the United Arab Emirates along the British FV4030/4 Challenger 1 and the French AMX-40.Its development was completed in January 1984. Although the tests of the Valiant in the Middle East indicated that the Valiant tank had excellent firepower and fire control components, the mobility characteristics were deficient, leading to the termination of its marketing effort in July 1985.^[4]

Nevertheless, future automotive improvements were to improve the Valiant deficient mobility under the designation of Valiant 2 but whilst at Larkhill, the Valiant slipped off the low-loader of its tank transporter during transport and rolled into its roof.^[5] The optics were damaged but repairable, the aluminium hull was twisted and had to be scrapped. Only its turret could be salvaged and was later re-used on the Vickers Mk. 7 main battle tank which used the Leopard 2 hull.The fate of the damaged hull, the first turret and the Universal Turret remains unknown to this date.

Design[edit]

The fire control and gun stabilization system was an all-electric system developed by Marconi. This featured a built-in laser rangefinder and a brand-new solid-state ballistic computer to improve the chances of a first-round hit capability against static and moving targets as well as for supporting firing on the move. This system used the Marconi Radar SFCS 600 computer derived from the GCE 620 system installed on the Vickers Mk. 3 main battle tank with some improvements, known as the Marconi Radar systems Centaur 1 system.^[5]

The gunner was provided with a Vickers Instruments L30 telescopic laser sight as a main sight. The sight was monocular, with a magnification of ×10, and was fitted with a Barr and Stroud LF 11 Neodimium-YAGlaser rangefinder and a cathode-ray tube for injection of fire-control data. In addition to his main sight, the gunner was also provided with a Vickers Instruments GS10 periscopic sight. This was mounted in the turret roof and provided a ×1 wide angle field of view and was used for surveillance and target acquisition.

The commander had a ring of six fixed ×1 periscopes around his hatch to give all-around vision. The commander's main sight was a French SFIM VS580-10 gyrostabilized panoramic sight. Two degrees of magnification ×3 and ×10 were provided, it also incorporated a Nd-YAG laser rangefinder. In addition, a gyrostabilised panoramic thermal sight, the Dutch Philips-USFA UA 9090, was also mounted on the turret roof, in front of the loader's hatch.

The loader has at his disposal one AFV No.10 Mk.1 rotating periscope.

The driver was originally provided with only a single wide-angle AFV No.44 Mark 2 periscope which was later supplemented in late 1982 by two additional side-looking periscopes.

Protection[edit]

The basic hull structure of the Valiant was fabricated from 7039 aluminium alloy armour, allowing optimum use of Chobham armour within an overall weight of 47 tonnes. The use of Chobham armour allowed increased ballistic protection compared to the heavier Chieftain.^[5] The turret structure was made of welded steel plates, with a layer of Chobham armour added to the front and sides.^[3] Emphasis was placed upon frontal protection covering a 60° arc. In addition, however, Chobham armour was also applied along the full length of the hull sides (heavy ballistic skirts).

Armament[edit]

The first prototype was armed with a Royal OrdnanceL7 105 mm rifled gun, 56^[3] to 60^[2] rounds are carried, 30 of which are stowed in the hull, to the left of the driver.

In 1982 it was rearmed with the Royal Ordnance L11 120 mm rifled gun, 42^[2] to 52^[3] rounds are carried, 21 rounds are stowed in the hull, to the left of the driver. The L11A5 was fitted with an experimental rigid thermal sleeve optimized for hot weather operations, it was made of a new material called Fibrelam, it was also featured on the Vickers Mk. 7 MBT.^[5]Alternatively, the Valiant can be armed with the RheinmetallRh-120 120 mm smoothbore gun, 44 rounds are carried,^[3] 28 rounds are stowed in the hull, to the left of the driver.

The secondary armament of the Mk. 4 includes a 7.62 mmFN MAG coaxial machinegun which was later replaced on the Valiant's Universal Turret by a 7.62 mm Hughes EX-34Chain Gun. This externally-powered weapon has been adopted because of the advantages it offers to the crew, including its ability to eject faulty rounds without a stoppage of the gun and the elimination of gun fumes in the turret.

Mobility[edit]

The Mk. 4 was first fitted with a General Motors Detroit Diesel 12V-71T engine^[6] developing 915 bhp and subsequently fitted a Rolls-Royce V-12 diesel engine, the CV12 TCA Condor, virtually the same engine as that fitted in the British ArmyFV4030/4 Challenger 1 main battle tank, but is rated at 1000 bhp instead of 1200 bhp. The lower power rating increase its durability and, because it is less highly turbocharged, its response is more rapid, which increases the tank acceleration. The engine has a minimum specific fuel consumption of 207 g/(kW⋅h).

The transmission of the Valiant does not follow the trend to use torque converters and hydrostatic steering. Instead, it is a modified version of the six-speed David Brown TN-12 Mk. 3 transmission produced for the FV4201 Chieftain, but made fully automatic by means of an electronic control system.^[7] Designed by Self-Changing Gears Limited of Coventry, the TN-12-1000 was able to handle greater torque than the TN-12 Mk. 3, specifically 3,660 Nm compared to 2,509 Nm of torque on the TN-12 Mk. 3.^[5]The TN-12-1000 was also used on the Chieftain 900.The all-mechanical transmission has the inherent advantage of being more efficient, which means that more of the engine power is available to drive the tank, instead of being dissipated by oil coolers. At the same time, the skill and effort generally required of drivers by mechanical transmissions are eliminated by the electrical controls.

The suspension of the Mk. 4 is almost the only feature carried over with little change from the Vickers Mark 1 and Mark 3 MBTs. The total vertical wheel travel is 303 mm (bump : 202 mm / rebound : 101 mm).^[2]In principle, it is of a conventional, torsion bar type, but it is unique in having secondary torsion bar springs in the trailing arms of the first two and the last road wheels on each side. The secondary torsion bars provide more effective springing at the most critical wheel stations and significantly improve the ride over rough ground. In addition to this, wheel stations 1, 2, and 6 also had hydraulic shock absorbers. Having a heavier turret than the Mk. 4, the Valiant had secondary torsion bars fitted to all wheel stations.^[5]

Additional specifications[edit]

• Ground pressure: 0.916 kg/cm²
• Power/weight ratio: 23,3 bhp/t
• Maximum gradient 58%
• Maximum tilt: 30%
• Trench: 3 m
• Vertical obstacle: 0.914 m
• Fording depth: 1,1 m
• Gun control: Marconi Command and Control Systems Centaur I fully integrated gun-and-fire control system
• Fire control system: Marconi Radar SFCS 600

Variant[edit]

Nbt Driver

• Mk. 4: early prototype armed with a L7 105 mm rifled gun, a 7.62 mmL8A2 coaxial machine gun and a cupola-mounted L37A2 machine gun.
• Valiant: upgraded Mk. 4 fitted with the Vickers Universal Turret armed with a L11A5 120 mm rifled gun and a EX-34 Chain Gun7.62 mm coaxial machine gun. All wheels trailing arms are now fitted with secondary torsion bars.
• Valiant 2: proposed upgrade with automotive improvements comprising a hydrogas suspension system and the German MTU MT 872 1200 hp diesel engine.

See also[edit]

• AMX-32 (French counterpart)
• AMX-40 (French counterpart)

References[edit]

1. ^'Valiant'. mainbattletanks.czweb.org (in Czech). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
2. ^ ^abcdJenkins, D.H.C. (1981). Le Vickers Valiant et l'AMX-32, deux poids moyens sur le même ring (in French). Revue Internationale de Défense. p. 1668.
3. ^ ^abcdeFoss, Christopher F.; McKenzie, Peter (1988). The Vickers Tanks: From Landship to Challenger. Patrick Stephens Limited. p. 256. ISBN9781852601416.
4. ^'Vickers Tanks - Archived 1/2005'. forecastinternational.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
5. ^ ^abcdefHills, Andrew. 'Vickers Mk.4 Valiant'. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
6. ^Dunstan, Simon (2020). British Battle Tanks: Post-war Tanks 1946–2016. Osprey Publishing. p. 304. ISBN978-1472833365.
7. ^Ogorkiewicz, R. M. (September 1973). AFV Weapons Profile. Duncan Crow. p. 21.

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